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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Pediatrics. Consilium Medicum</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Педиатрия. Consilium Medicum</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2658-6630</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2658-6622</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643096</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/26586630.2026.1.203474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of medical thermometers: from antique prototypes to the modern devices</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюция медицинских термометров: от античных прототипов до современных устройств</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-4598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского, засл. врач РФ</p></bio><email>zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2847-6268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berezhnaya</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бережная</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. педиатрии им. акад. Г.Н. Сперанского </p></bio><email>zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9056-7112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolushkin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колушкин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Pediatrician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-педиатр </p></bio><email>zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0012-8824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolushkina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колушкина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ped.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-педиатр </p></bio><email>zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashlyaeva Children's City Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Детская городская клиническая больница им. З.А. Башляевой» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children's City Polyclinic No. 148, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Детская городская поликлиника №148» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://pediatria.orscience.ru/2658-6630/article/view/643096">https://pediatria.orscience.ru/2658-6630/article/view/643096</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to the evolution of medical thermometers, from ancient methods of temperature measurement to modern devices. The article considers the history of the creation and development of thermometers, starting with the first methods based on subjective sensations and manual palpation, and moving on to thermoscopes of the 16th–17th centuries, as well as liquid thermometers. Improvements in the design of thermometers and the introduction of standard measurement scales, such as the Celsius and Kelvin scales, are discussed. Modern innovations in thermometry, including electronic and infrared devices, are described.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья посвящена эволюции медицинских термометров от античных прототипов до современных устройств. Рассмотрена история создания и развития термометрии начиная с первых методов, основанных на субъективных ощущениях и ручной пальпации, и переходя к термоскопам XVI–XVII вв., а также к жидкостным термометрам. Обсуждаются усовершенствования в конструкции термометров и внедрение стандартных шкал измерения, таких как шкалы Цельсия и Кельвина. Описываются современные инновации в термометрии, включая электронные и инфракрасные устройства.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>medical thermometers</kwd><kwd>evolution of thermometers</kwd><kwd>history of thermometry</kwd><kwd>pediatrics</kwd><kwd>modern technologies in medicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>медицинские термометры</kwd><kwd>эволюция термометров</kwd><kwd>история термометрии</kwd><kwd>педиатрия</kwd><kwd>современные технологии в медицине</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Camuffo D, Bertolin C. The earliest spirit-in-glass thermometer and a comparison between the earliest CET and Italian observations. Weather. 2012;67(8):206-9. DOI:10.1002/wea.1913</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao Y, Bergmann JHM. 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