The skull of Hapalodectes (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) from the Paleocene of Mongolia

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The incomplete skull of Hapalodectes (Hapalodectidae, Mesonychia) is described from the Upper Paleocene Naran Member of the Naran Bulak Formation of the Khaychin-Ula 2 locality in the Bugin Tsav Basin in the south of Mongolia. This is the first discovery of the skull of a Paleocene member of the genus. The skull corresponds in size and dental occlusion to the species H. dux Lopatin, 2001, previously known only from a lower jaw from the Upper Paleocene Zhigden Member of the Naran Bulak Formation of the Tsagan-Khushu locality in the Nemegt Basin. In the structure of the facial part of the skull, H. dux exhibits features shared with Mesonychidae, namely the significant participation of the lacrimal and jugal in the preorbital region. The upper molars of H. dux were found to have distinct conules (a first for Hapalodectidae). The evolutionary changes in the structure of the upper molars of Hapalodectes (disappearance of the conules, decrease of the metacone, and narrowing of the lingual lobe) are determined. They were correlated with the transformations of the lower molars (reduction of the metaconid, protocristid, and entoconid, transverse compression of the trigonid and talonid) and together with them were aimed at enhancing the shearing action of the longitudinal blades of the posterior part of the dentitions.

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A. Lopatin

Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: alopat@paleo.ru

Academician of the RAS

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

参考

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2. Fig. 1. Hapalodectes dux Lopatin, 2001, ex. PIN, No. 3404/2, incomplete skull from the dorsal side: a – photograph; b – drawing on a three-dimensional computer model; Mongolia, Khaichin-Ula II; Upper Paleocene, Naran-Bulak formation, Naran pack. Designations: C1 – upper canine; fio – suborbital foramen; fr – frontal bones; fso – supraorbital foramen; I3 – third upper incisor; jug – zygomatic bone; lac – lacrimal bone; mx – maxillary bones; nas – nasal bones; pal – palatine bones; par – parietal bones; pmx – premaxillary bones; rpo – the occorbital process of the frontal bone.

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3. Fig. 2. Hapalodectes dux Lopatin, 2001, ex. PIN, No. 3404/2, incomplete skull on the left lateral side (a, b – with a ventral tilt): a – photograph; b – drawing on a three–dimensional computer model; c - X-ray of the rostral part of the skull; Mongolia, Khaichin-Ula II; Upper Paleocene, Naran-Bulak formation, Naran pack. Designations: fiop – posterior foramen of the suborbital canal; fl – lacrimal foramen; fpd – dorsal palatine foramen; fs – wedge-palatine foramen; fsop – posterior supraorbital foramen; M1–M2 – upper molars M1 and M2; os – orbital-sphenoid bone; P1–P4 – upper premolars of P1–P4. For other designations, see Fig. 1.

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4. Fig. 3. Hapalodectes dux Lopatin, 2001, ex. PIN, No. 3404/2, incomplete skull from the ventral side: a – photograph; b – drawing on a three-dimensional computer model; Mongolia, Khaichin-Ula II; Upper Paleocene, Naran-Bulak formation, Naran pack. Designations: fpa – anterior palatine foramen; fpp – posterior palatine foramen; M3 – last upper molar M3. For other designations, see Figs. 1, 2.

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5. Fig. 4. Hapalodectes dux Lopatin, 2001: a, b – copies. PIN, No. 3404/2, incomplete skull: a – on the left lateral side; b – the area of the left P3–M3 on the occlusal side; Mongolia, Khaichin-Ula II; Upper Paleocene, Naran-Bulak formation, Naran pack; c, d – holotype PIN, No. 3104/371, lower jaw; c – with on the left lateral side, d is the area of the right P4–M3 from the occlusal side; Mongolia, Tsagan-Khushu; Upper Paleocene, Naran-Bulak formation, Zhigden pack; e is the scheme of the structure of P4–M3; e is the scheme of the structure of P4–M3; g is the scheme of occlusion of P4–M3 and P4–M3. Designations: ccr – centrocrystal; ecd – entoconide; hc – hypocone; hcd – hypoconide; hcld – hypoconulide; mc – methacon; mcd – metaconide; mcl – metaconule; mcr – metacrystal; mst – metastile; pc – paracon; pcd – paraconide; pcl – paracrystal; pcr – paracrystal; post – postprotocristide; prc – protocon; prcd – protoconide; prcrd – protocristide; pre – preprotocristide; pst – parastile; tcr – talonide crest.

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