Features of developing toilet skills in young children: Information for clinicians and parents. A review

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The upbringing and teaching of toilet skills to young children is an important stage in the physiological development of the child. Control over urination and defecation in infants develops gradually, starting with a completely reflexive process and moving on to conscious control. This process is of great importance in the formation of a healthy and independent personality, preparing the child for the next stages of growing up and acquiring new skills. The article presents historical aspects of the formation of toilet skills among different peoples and at different stages of society development. Interesting facts about potty training in different countries of the world, anatomical features of urination and defecation, signs of readiness for potty training and toilet training, the age recommended for potty training, and what a potty should be like are shown. Approaches to teaching this level of independence are important not only for the child’s physical health, but also for understanding his psychological readiness, social development, and adaptation in children’s groups.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Irina N. Zakharova

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

Author for correspondence.
Email: zakharova-rmapo@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4200-4598

D. Sci. (Med.), Prof.

Russian Federation, Moscow

Viktoria V. Pupykina

Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education

Email: vika-pupykina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2181-8138

Graduate Student

Russian Federation, Moscow

References

  1. Garland R. Daily life of the Ancient Greeks. 2008.
  2. Алимов И.А., Хисматулин А.А. Сосуды тайн: туалеты и урны в культурах народов мира. СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 2002 [Alimov IA, Khismatulin AA. Sosudy tain: tualety i urny v kulturakh narodov mira. Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie, 2002 (in Russian)].
  3. Rabinow S, Wang T, Wilson RJA, et al. Using parasite analysis to identify ancient chamber pots: An example of the fifth century CE from Gerace, Sicily, Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 2022;42:103349. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103349
  4. Липков А. Толчок к размышлению, или все о сортирах. М., 2001 [Lipkov A. Tolchok k razmyshleniiu, ili vse o sortirakh. Moscow, 2001 (in Russian)].
  5. Berger K. Loose-leaf Version for Developing Person Through the Life Span: Paperbound, 2014.
  6. Matson JL. Technology Used in Toilet Training. Clinical Guide to Toilet Training Children. Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer, Cham. 2017; p. 169-80 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-62725-0_10
  7. Janssens RVA. What future for Japan?: US wartime planning for the postwar era, 1942–1945. Rodopi. 1995;5:504.
  8. Студеникин В.М. Обучение ребенка туалетным навыкам: старое и новое. Педиатрия. Приложение к журналу Consilium Medicum. 2011;1:6-8 [Studenikin VM. Obucheniie rebenka tualetnym navykam: staroie i novoie. Pediatriia. Prilozheniie k zhurnalu Consilium Medicum. 2011;1:6-8 (in Russian)].
  9. Dyer D. Seven Decades of Disposable Diapers: A record of continuous innovation and expanding benefit.Brussels, Belgium: EDANA, 2005.
  10. Как приучают к горшку в разных странах. Режим доступа: https://medaboutme.ru/articles/kak_priuchayut_k_gorshku_v_raznykh_stranakh/ Ссылка активна на 30.05.2024 [How potty training is done in different countries. Available at: https://medaboutme.ru/articles/kak_priuchayut_k_gorshku_v_raznykh_stranakh/ Accessed: 30.05.2024 (in Russian)].
  11. Choby BA, George S. Toilet training. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(9):1059-64.
  12. Duong TH, Jansson UB, Hellström AL. Vietnamese mothers’ experiences with potty training procedure for children from birth to 2 years of age. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9(6 Pt. A):808-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.10.023
  13. Split Crotch Pants: China’s Environmentally Friendly Non-Diaper. 2014. Available at: https://www.chengduliving.com/split-crotch-pants. Accessed: 30.05.2024.
  14. Ткачук Е.А., Мартынович Н.Н. Возрастные особенности мочевыделительной системы у детей. Методика исследования. Семиотика нарушений: уч. пособие для студентов. Иркутск, 2020 [Tkachuk EA, Martynovich NN. Vozrastnyie osobennosti mochevydelitelnoi sistemy u detei. Metodika issledovaniia. Semiotika narushenii: uch. posobiie dlia studentov. Irkutsk, 2020 (in Russian)].
  15. Шрайнер Е.В. Запоры в практике врача-педиатра. РМЖ. Мать и дитя. 2015;14:834-38 [Shrainer EV. Zapory v praktike vracha-pediatra. RMZH. Mat i ditia. 2015;14:834-38 (in Russian)].
  16. Newman DK. Managing urinary retention in the acute care environment. 2016. Available at: https://www.verathon.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/BladderScan-Managing_Urinary_Retention.pdf. Accessed: 30.05.2024.
  17. Папаян А.В., Савенкова Н.Д. Клиническая нефрология детского возраста.СПб.: Сотис, 1997 [Papayan AV, Savenkova ND. Klinicheskaia nefrologiia detskogo vozrasta. Saint Petersburg: Sotis, 1997 (in Russian)].
  18. Toilet learning: Anticipatory guidance with a child-oriented approach. Paediatr Child Health. 2000;5(6):333-44. doi: 10.1093/pch/5.6.333
  19. Kauvar DR, Boley SJ. Аноректальное держание и лечение запоров. Детская хирургия. 1997;2:77-86 [Kauvar DR, Bolei SJ. Anorektalnoie derzhaniie i lecheniie zaporov. Detskaia khirurgiia. 1997;2:77-86 (in Russian)].
  20. Буторова Л.И., Токмулина Г.М. Синдром раздраженного кишечника: основные принципы диагностики и лечения в поликлинической практике: уч. пособие. М.: Прима Принт, 2014 [Butorova LI, Tokmulina GM. Sindrom razdrazhennogo kishechnika: osnovnyie printsipy diagnostiki i lecheniia v poliklinicheskoi praktike: uch. posobiie. Moscow: Prima Print, 2014 (in Russian)].
  21. Шарков С.М. Воспитание первичных санитарно-гигиенических навыков у детей раннего возраста. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2010;9(2):174-9 [Sharkov S. Initial sanitary hygienic skills education in infants. Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(2):174-8 (in Russian)].
  22. Stadtler A, Gorski P, Brazelton T. Toilet training methods, clinical interventions, and recommendations. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1359-68.
  23. Klassen TP, Kiddoo D, Lang ME, et al. The effectiveness of different methods of toilet training for bowel and bladder control. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2006;(147):1-57.
  24. Mota DM, Barros AJ. Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(1):9-17. doi: 10.2223/JPED.1752
  25. Шарков С.М., Студеникин В.М., Акоев Ю.С., Яцык С.П. Рекомендации по приучению к горшку: данные Американской академии педиатрии. Педиатрическая фармакология. 2010;7(2):151-6 [Sharkov SM, Studenikin VM, Akoiev IuS, Iatsyk SP. Rekomendatsii po priucheniiu k gorshku: dannyie Amerikanskoi akademii pediatrii. Pediatricheskaia farmakologiia. 2010;7(2):151-6 (in Russian)].
  26. Как приучить ребенка к горшку? Режим доступа: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/parents_information/soveti-roditelyam/kak-priuchit-rebenka-k-gorshku/index.php?disableGlobalInfoCollect=false. Ссылка активна на 30.05.2024 [How to potty train a child? Available at: https://www.pediatr-russia.ru/parents_information/soveti-roditelyam/kak-priuchit-rebenka-k-gorshku/index.php?disableGlobalInfoCollect=false. Accessed: 30.05.2024 (in Russian)].
  27. iPotty toddler iPad accessory named worst toy of the year. Available at: https://www.digitalspy.com/tech/a537351/ipotty-toddler-ipad-accessory-named-worst-toy-of-the-year/ Accessed: 30.05.2024.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
2. Fig. 1. Chamber pot in Ancient Greece.

Download (85KB)
3. Fig. 2. A chamber pot of the V century AD from a Roman villa in Gerace, Sicily (Italy).

Download (46KB)
4. Fig. 3. Chamber pot in Japan, VII century.

Download (232KB)
5. Fig. 4. Chamber pot in the Middle Ages.

Download (123KB)

Copyright (c) 2024 Consilium Medicum

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 74329 от 19.11.2018 г.